error standard 예문
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- The Ninth Circuit applied the clear error standard to review the district court s decision.
- The Seventh Circuit reviewed the District Court's determination of probable cause on a deferential clear error standard and affirmed the conviction.
- The issue in Brecht involved a choice of substantive harmless-error standards : the stricter Chapman, or the less strict Kotteakos, measure of harmlessness.
- Therefore, under the new Brecht harmless error standard, we must inquire whether the testimony had a ` substantial and injurious effect or influence'on the verdict.
- Moreover, precedent suggests that civil and criminal harmless-error standards do not differ in their treatment of grave doubt as to the harmlessness of errors affecting substantial rights.